靜(jing)止無功(gong)補償(chang)(chang)器(qi)是由晶(jing)閘(zha)管所(suo)控(kong)制(zhi)投切(qie)電(dian)抗器(qi)和電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)組成，由于晶(jing)閘(zha)管對(dui)于控(kong)制(zhi)信號反(fan)應極為(wei)迅(xun)速(su)(su)，而(er)且通斷次(ci)數也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)不受限制(zhi)。當(dang)電(dian)壓變化(hua)時(shi)靜(jing)止補償(chang)(chang)器(qi)能快速(su)(su)、平(ping)(ping)滑(hua)地調節，以(yi)(yi)滿足動態無功(gong)補償(chang)(chang)的(de)需(xu)要，同時(shi)還能做到分(fen)相補償(chang)(chang)；對(dui)于三相不平(ping)(ping)衡負荷及沖(chong)擊(ji)負荷有較強的(de)適應性;但由于晶(jing)閘(zha)管控(kong)制(zhi)對(dui)電(dian)抗器(qi)的(de)投切(qie)過程中會產生高次(ci)諧波，為(wei)此(ci)需(xu)加裝專(zhuan)門的(de)濾波器(qi)。

另外，靜態無(wu)(wu)功(gong)補償技(ji)術在風電場、冶金(jin)、電氣化鐵(tie)路，煤炭等(deng)工(gong)業領(ling)域的(de)(de)客(ke)觀(guan)需(xu)求也很大。在目前情況下，靜止型動態無(wu)(wu)功(gong)補償裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(SVC)對于解決各種負載所產生的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)沖擊是很有效的(de)(de)。使電網電壓波動明顯(xian)改善，功(gong)率因數(shu)明顯(xian)提高，是一種技(ji)術含(han)量高、經濟效益顯(xian)著的(de)(de)新型節能裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。晶(jing)(jing)閘管(guan)變(bian)流裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)和控制(zhi)系統能夠實現這(zhe)個(ge)功(gong)能。采集母線的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)電流值(zhi)和電壓值(zhi)，合(he)成無(wu)(wu)功(gong)值(zhi)，和所設定的(de)(de)恒無(wu)(wu)功(gong)值(zhi)進行比較，計算得到的(de)(de)觸(chu)發(fa)角大小。通過晶(jing)(jing)閘管(guan)觸(chu)發(fa)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)，使晶(jing)(jing)閘管(guan)流過所需(xu)要的(de)(de)電流。

1、動態無功補償

靜止同步補償器(qi)(Static Synchronous Compensator,STATCOM)應用(yong)了新一代的電力電子(zi)器(qi)件(如門極可關(guan)斷晶閘管(GateTurn-off Thyristor,GTO)、絕緣柵雙極型晶體管(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor,IGBT)、集成門極換相型晶閘管

(IntegratedGate Commutated Thyristor,IGCT)和(he)(he)(he)現代控(kong)制技術(如逆系統(tong)、直接反饋線性化等), 具有(you)補(bu)(bu)償系統(tong)感性和(he)(he)(he)容(rong)性無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)、提(ti)高系統(tong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)、改善電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量、提(ti)高電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)穩定性等多重功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。STATCOM自問世以來, 就(jiu)引(yin)起各國電(dian)力(li)科(ke)研和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)業界的(de)廣泛重視, 得到了迅速發展和(he)(he)(he)應用(yong), 它是目(mu)前用(yong)于電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)中性能(neng)最好的(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)補(bu)(bu)償裝置,是柔性交流輸(shu)電(dian)系統(tong)的(de)核心。

STATCOM在(zai)電力系統(tong)中的(de)作用是(shi)進行(xing)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)補(bu)償，維持連(lian)接點(dian)的(de)電壓為(wei)給(gei)定值(zhi)，提高系統(tong)電壓的(de)穩(wen)(wen)定性，改善系統(tong)的(de)穩(wen)(wen)態(tai)性能(neng)和動態(tai)性能(neng)。STATCOM是(shi)基于瞬時(shi)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率的(de)概念和補(bu)償原(yuan)理，采(cai)用全控型開關器件(jian)組成(cheng)自換(huan)相逆變(bian)器，輔之以小(xiao)容(rong)量儲能(neng)元件(jian)構成(cheng)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)補(bu)償裝置。與現有的(de)靜止無(wu)功(gong)(gong)補(bu)償裝置(SVC)相比，具有調節(jie)速(su)度更(geng)快(kuai)、運行(xing)范圍更(geng)寬、吸收無(wu)功(gong)(gong)連(lian)續、諧波(bo)電流(liu)小(xiao)、損耗低、所(suo)用電抗器和電容(rong)器容(rong)量及安裝面積大為(wei)降低等優點(dian)。

傳統的(de)補(bu)(bu)償諧波(bo)和無功(gong)(gong)電(dian)流的(de)另(ling)一種方法是裝(zhuang)設(she)無源濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，通(tong)常由電(dian)力電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)串并(bing)聯組(zu)合而成，該方法既可補(bu)(bu)償諧波(bo)，又可補(bu)(bu)償無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)。目(mu)前我國常用的(de)無功(gong)(gong)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)設(she)備仍(reng)為機械式并(bing)聯電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、投切電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)，這些靜止型調(diao)(diao)壓手段，因調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)不(bu)連(lian)續(xu)、響(xiang)應(ying)速(su)(su)度慢，很(hen)難滿足系統運行(xing)方式快速(su)(su)變化時(shi)的(de)需求。

 另(ling)一種調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置SVC，響應速度(du)很(hen)快，但由(you)于呈恒阻抗特性(xing)(xing)(xing)，使得在(zai)電壓(ya)(ya)低(di)時(shi)(shi)，無(wu)法提供(gong)所需的無(wu)功(gong)支持，因(yin)此應付(fu)突發事件的能力較弱(ruo)，并且為了(le)抑制諧波，必須裝(zhuang)(zhuang)設濾波器，占地面積較大(da)，此外，過多的SVC裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置容易引(yin)發系統振蕩。相(xiang)比之下，新型無(wu)功(gong)補償裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置STATCOM則(ze)是較為有效(xiao)的調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)手(shou)段，它的無(wu)功(gong)電流輸出可在(zai)很(hen)大(da)電壓(ya)(ya)變化范圍(wei)內恒定，在(zai)電壓(ya)(ya)低(di)時(shi)(shi)仍(reng)能提供(gong)較強的無(wu)功(gong)支撐(cheng)，并且可從感性(xing)(xing)(xing)到容性(xing)(xing)(xing)全范圍(wei)內連(lian)續(xu)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)。

2、無功補償原理：

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸出的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)包(bao)括兩部分：一是有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv);二是無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)。直接消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng),把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉變為機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)、熱(re)能(neng)(neng)、化學能(neng)(neng)或聲能(neng)(neng)，利用(yong)這(zhe)些能(neng)(neng)作功(gong)(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)部分功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)稱為有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)，不消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，只是把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換為另一種形式的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)，這(zhe)種能(neng)(neng)作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)作功(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)必備條件(jian)(jian)(jian)，并且，這(zhe)種能(neng)(neng)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)進(jin)行周期性轉換，這(zhe)部分功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)稱為無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv),如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)建立(li)磁(ci)場占用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器建立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場所(suo)占的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng).電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)作功(gong)(gong)(gong)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)滯(zhi)后(hou)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)90°。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)作功(gong)(gong)(gong)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)超前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)90°。在同一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)方(fang)向相反，互差180°。如(ru)果在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)有比例(li)地安(an)裝電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，使兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)相互抵消，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)矢量與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)矢量之間的(de)(de)(de)夾角縮小，就能(neng)(neng)達到無功(gong)(gong)(gong)補償的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。

配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)無功(gong)補(bu)償與諧(xie)波治理裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置研發成功(gong)，并投入批量生產，可(ke)帶來較大的(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)效(xiao)益，目前我國配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)中普(pu)遍存在著無功(gong)補(bu)償不足、布置不合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，存在著城鄉電(dian)網(wang)與區域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)電(dian)容器(qi)容量倒置現象。10KV電(dian)壓等(deng)級以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)電(dian)電(dian)網(wang)用戶(hu)無功(gong)需求量很大，有效(xiao)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)使用無功(gong)補(bu)償與諧(xie)波治理裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，對配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)中的(de)(de)(de)無功(gong)和諧(xie)波進行補(bu)償，不僅(jin)可(ke)以(yi)達到節能降耗的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)，還可(ke)以(yi)減少用電(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的(de)(de)(de)損害及由諧(xie)波引起的(de)(de)(de)事故。